Clarified butter: butter that has been
slowly melted in order to evaporate much of the
water. The cloudy milk solids of butter separate
and are skimmed off. Eliminating the solids results
in a butter that's less prone to rancidity and can
be heated to higher temperatures without burning.
Heat diffuser: a disk, most often made of
perforated metal, used to spread evenly the heat
cast by a stove burner.
Miso: a savory paste made from fermented
soybeans, most often used as a soup base. Comes in
varying grades of intensity from white to yellow to
dark red.
Sieve: in this case, a utensil, usually
made of a mesh or perforated metal, used to strain
out solids from a liquid.
Tamari: refers to a higher-quality "soy
sauce" that's made with fermented wheat and
soybeans.
Wire whisk: a kitchen hand tool designed
to mix ingredients: liquid ones, dry ones, or both
together. Has a coiled wire or wooden handle that
holds the ends of six or eight loops of metal.
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